When people get lost, what actually breaks first?
Getting lost is not spatial failure; it is expectation failure.
Getting lost is not just a spatial issue; it is a breakdown of expectation.
The brain constantly predicts what should appear after each turn. When these predictions fail repeatedly, confidence in the internal map collapses.
The mechanism is accumulation of small mismatches between expectation and environment. At first, they are ignored. Then they start to feel significant.
Micro-case: A tourist walks two blocks expecting a metro entrance. When it does not appear, the entire street layout suddenly feels unfamiliar.
Aha moment: what collapses is not the city, but the reliability of expectation.
Second-order effect: once uncertainty begins, people rely more on visible cues like crowds or signage, which can amplify incorrect direction choices.
What changes first is not location, but confidence in interpretation.
